% !TEX root = FDS_Validation_Guide.tex

\chapter{Gas Species and Smoke}

For most applications, FDS uses a single step, mixing-controlled combustion model. The products of combustion are ``lumped'' together and tracked as a single gas mixture. These products include CO$_2$, H$_2$O, CO, and soot. However, in some cases, the combustion is incomplete due to a lack of oxygen. In others, a multiple-step reaction scheme is used to predict the production of CO.

\section{Major Combustion Products, O$_2$ and CO$_2$}

For any hydrocarbon fuel, the major combustion products are oxygen and carbon dioxide. Accurate predictions of these gases requires knowledge of the chemical composition of the fuel and an accurate transport algorithm for the combustion products.

\clearpage

\subsection{DelCo Trainers}

Oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements were made at several locations in the one and two level DelCo training structures. See Sec.~\ref{DelCo_Description} for their exact locations.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_02_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_02_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_03_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_03_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_04_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_04_O2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[DelCo Trainers, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 2-4]{DelCo Trainers, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 2-4.}
\label{DelCo_CO2_O2_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_05_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_05_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_06_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_06_O2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[DelCo Trainers, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 5-6]{DelCo Trainers, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 5-6.}
\label{DelCo_CO2_O2_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_22_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_22_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_23_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_23_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_24_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_24_O2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_25_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/DelCo_Trainers/Test_25_O2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[DelCo Trainers, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 22-25]{DelCo Trainers, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 22-25.}
\label{DelCo_CO2_O2_3}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{FAA Cargo Compartments}

Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were measured near the ceiling in the forward, middle, and aft sections of the compartment. Note that all but the middle compartment concentrations were measured in Tests~2~and~3.


\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_1_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_1_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_2_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_2_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_3_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_3_CO}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FAA Cargo Compartment experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration]{FAA Cargo Compartment experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration.}
\label{FAA_Cargo_CO2_CO}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{LLNL Enclosure}

Oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were reported for a single location within the LLNL Enclosure. The test report~\cite{Foote:LLNL1986} specifies the lateral location of the sensors (1.5~m from the wall opposite the exhaust duct, along the room centerline), but the reported height is only ``top of room.'' In the model, the sensors were located 4.3~m off the floor, 0.2~m below the ceiling of the compartment.

For some experiments, only two concentrations are reported, one being the ambient value. The results of these experiments are shown for completeness, but the values are not included in the calculation of the accuracy statistics.

Also, the test report does not indicate whether the reported volume fractions were taken to be ``wet'' or ``dry''; that is, whether the water vapor was condensed out of the sample. For the sake of comparison, the FDS results are assumed to be ``dry''.

Further details of the modeling can be found in Sec.~\ref{LLNL_Enclosure_Description}.

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_01_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_01_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_02_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_02_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_03_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_03_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_04_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_04_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 1-4]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 1-4.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_05_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_05_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_06_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_06_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_07_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_07_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_08_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_08_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 5-8]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 5-8.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_09_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_09_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_10_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_10_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_11_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_11_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_12_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_12_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 9-12]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 9-12.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_13_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_13_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_14_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_14_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_15_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_15_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_16_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_16_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 13-16]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 13-16.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_17_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_17_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_18_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_18_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_19_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_19_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_20_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_20_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 17-20]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 17-20.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_21_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_21_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_22_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_22_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_23_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_23_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_24_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_24_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 21-24]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 21-24.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_6}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_25_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_25_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_26_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_26_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_27_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_27_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_28_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_28_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 25-28]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 25-28.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_7}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_29_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_29_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_30_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_30_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_31_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_31_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_32_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_32_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 29-32]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 29-32.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_8}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_33_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_33_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_34_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_34_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_35_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_35_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_36_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_36_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 33-36]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 33-36.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_9}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_37_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_37_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_38_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_38_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_39_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_39_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_40_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_40_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 37-40]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 37-40.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_10}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_41_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_41_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_42_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_42_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_43_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_43_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_44_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_44_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 41-44]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 41-44.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_11}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_45_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_45_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_46_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_46_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_47_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_47_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_48_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_48_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 45-48]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 45-48.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_12}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_49_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_49_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_50_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_50_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_51_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_51_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_52_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_52_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 49-52]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 49-52.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_13}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_53_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_53_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_54_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_54_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_55_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_55_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_56_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_56_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 53-56]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 53-56.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_14}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_57_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_57_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_58_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_58_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_59_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_59_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_60_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_60_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 57-60]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 57-60.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_15}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_61_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_61_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_62_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_62_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_63_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_63_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_64_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/LLNL_Enclosure/LLNL_64_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 61-64]{LLNL Enclosure, O$_2$ and CO$_2$ concentration, Tests 61-64.}
\label{LLNL_Gas_16}
\end{figure}


\clearpage


\subsection{NIST/NRC Experiments}

The following pages present comparisons of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration predictions and measurements for the
NIST/NRC series. There were two oxygen measurements, one in the upper layer, one in the lower.  There was only one carbon
dioxide measurement in the upper layer.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_17_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_17_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 3, 9, 17]{NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 3, 9, 17.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Gas_Open_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 5, 14, 15, 18]{NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 5, 14, 15, 18.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Gas_Open_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 1, 2, 7, 8]{NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 1, 2, 7, 8.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Gas_Closed_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 4, 10, 13, 16]{NIST/NRC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 4, 10, 13, 16.}
\label{NIST_NRC_Gas_Closed_2}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{NRCC Smoke Tower}

In the NRCC Smoke Tower experiments, there were oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers in the stair shaft on the second floor just outside the door of the fire compartment.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/BK-R_Fire_Lobby_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/BK-R_Fire_Lobby_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CMP-R_Fire_Lobby_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CMP-R_Fire_Lobby_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NRCC Smoke Tower, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests BK-R and COMP-R]{NRCC Smoke Tower, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests BK-R and COMP-R.}
\label{NRCC_Smoke_Tower_O2_CO2_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CLC-I-R_Fire_Lobby_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CLC-I-R_Fire_Lobby_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CLC-II-R_Fire_Lobby_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NRCC_Smoke_Tower/CLC-II-R_Fire_Lobby_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NRCC Smoke Tower, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests CLC-I-R and CLC-II-R]{NRCC Smoke Tower, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests CLC-I-R and CLC-II-R.}
\label{NRCC_Smoke_Tower_O2_CO2_2}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{PRISME DOOR Experiments}

Each compartment in the PRISME DOOR experiments contained an oxygen and carbon dioxide measurement in the upper (haut) and lower (bas) layers.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_1_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_1_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_1_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 1, Tests 1-3]{PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 1, Tests 1-3.}
\label{PRISME_Gas_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_1_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_1_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_1_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_1_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 1, Tests 4-6]{PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 1, Tests 4-6.}
\label{PRISME_Gas_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_2_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 1-3]{PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 1-3.}
\label{PRISME_Gas_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_2_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 4-6]{PRISME DOOR experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 4-6.}
\label{PRISME_Gas_4}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{PRISME SOURCE Experiments}

The compartment in the PRISME SOURCE experiments contained an oxygen and carbon dioxide measurement in the upper (haut) and lower (bas) layers.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D1_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D1_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D2_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D2_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D3_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D3_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D4_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D4_Room_2_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[PRISME SOURCE experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 1-4]{PRISME SOURCE experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 1-4.}
\label{PRISME_SOURCE_Gas_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5a_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D5a_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6_Room_2_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6a_Room_2_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_SI_D6a_Room_2_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[PRISME SOURCE experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 5-6]{PRISME SOURCE experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Room 2, Tests 5-6.}
\label{PRISME_SOURCE_Gas_2}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{WTC Experiments}

The following pages present comparisons of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration predictions and measurements for the
WTC experiments. There was only one measurement of each made near the ceiling of the compartment roughly 2~m from the fire.


\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_01_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_02_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_03_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[WTC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 1-3]{WTC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 1-3.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Oxygen_CO2_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_04_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_05_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/WTC/WTC_06_CO2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[WTC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 4-6]{WTC experiments, CO$_2$ and O$_2$ concentration, Tests 4-6.}
\label{NIST_WTC_Oxygen_CO2_2}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{UMD Line Burner}
\label{UMD_Line_Burner_species}

Oxygen concentration measurements were made across the coflow section of the burner.  Fig.~\ref{UMD_Line_Burner_methane_O2_p18_O2} shows mean volume fraction O$_2$ profiles for two heights, $z$, above the burner surface for the experiment with nitrogen dilution of the coflowing air to 18 vol.~\% O$_2$ with methane as fuel.  Notice that the O$_2$ level at the outer edge of the burner is the ambient value of 21 vol.~\%.  Further experimental details may be found in White et al.~\cite{White:2015}. FDS simulations are performed at three grid resolutions corresponding to $W/\delta x = 4, 8, 16$, where $W = 5$ cm is the width of the line burner (see Fig.~\ref{fig:umd_line_burner_plan_view}).

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/UMD_Line_Burner/methane_O2_p18_O2_z_p125} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/UMD_Line_Burner/methane_O2_p18_O2_z_p250}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[UMD\_Line\_Burner oxygen concentration profiles]
{Measured and predicted mean oxygen concentration profiles at 18 vol \% O$_2$.}
\label{UMD_Line_Burner_methane_O2_p18_O2}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\subsection{Summary of Major Combustion Products Predictions}
\label{Carbon Dioxide Concentration}
\label{Oxygen Concentration}


\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Carbon_Dioxide_Concentration} \\
\includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Oxygen_Concentration}
\end{tabular}
\caption[Summary of major gas species predictions]
{Summary of major gas species predictions.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage


\section{Smoke}

\subsection{FM Burner Experiments}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot}

Mean and rms soot volume fraction measurements were made above a 13.7~cm (inner) diameter, 15 kW ethylene burner. Figures~\ref{FM_Burner_Soot_1} through \ref{FM_Burner_Soot_6} display the radial profiles located at heights of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 burner diameters, $D$. Figures~\ref{FM_Burner_Soot_PDF_20p9} through \ref{FM_Burner_Soot_PDF_15p2} display the probability distributions (PDFs) at the five heights and radii of 0~cm, 2~cm, 4~cm, 6~cm, and 8~cm.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_0p5D_20p9} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_0p5D_20p9} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_1p0D_20p9} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_1p0D_20p9} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_1p5D_20p9} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_1p5D_20p9}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction, 20.9~\% O$_2$]
{FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction at heights of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 burner diameters, D, 20.9~\% O$_2$.}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_2p5D_20p9} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_2p5D_20p9} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_3p5D_20p9} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_3p5D_20p9}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction, 20.9~\% O$_2$]
{FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction at heights of 2.5 and 3.5 burner diameters, D, 20.9~\% O$_2$.}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_0p5D_16p8} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_0p5D_16p8} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_1p0D_16p8} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_1p0D_16p8} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_1p5D_16p8} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_1p5D_16p8}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction, 16.8~\% O$_2$]
{FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction at heights of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 burner diameters, D, 16.8~\% O$_2$.}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_2p5D_16p8} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_2p5D_16p8} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_3p5D_16p8} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_3p5D_16p8}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction, 16.8~\% O$_2$]
{FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction at heights of 2.5 and 3.5 burner diameters, D, 16.8~\% O$_2$.}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot_4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_0p5D_15p2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_0p5D_15p2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_1p0D_15p2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_1p0D_15p2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_1p5D_15p2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_1p5D_15p2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction, 15.2~\% O$_2$]
{FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction at heights of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 burner diameters, D, 15.2~\% O$_2$.}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot_5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_2p5D_15p2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_2p5D_15p2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_Mean_Soot_3p5D_15p2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Radial_RMS_Soot_3p5D_15p2}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction, 15.2~\% O$_2$]
{FM Burner experiments, plume mean and rms soot volume fraction at heights of 2.5 and 3.5 burner diameters, D, 15.2~\% O$_2$.}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot_6}
\end{figure}


\begin{sidewaysfigure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{ccccc}
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=0cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=2cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=4cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=6cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=8cm_20p9} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=0cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=2cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=4cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=6cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=8cm_20p9} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=0cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=2cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=4cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=6cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=8cm_20p9} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=0cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=2cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=4cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=6cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=8cm_20p9} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=0cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=2cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=4cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=6cm_20p9} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=8cm_20p9} \\
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Burner experiments, soot volume fraction PDFs, 20.9~\% O$_2$]
{FM Burner experiments, soot volume fraction PDFs, 20.9~\% O$_2$.}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot_PDF_20p9}
\end{sidewaysfigure}

\begin{sidewaysfigure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{ccccc}
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=0cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=2cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=4cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=6cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=8cm_16p8} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=0cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=2cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=4cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=6cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=8cm_16p8} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=0cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=2cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=4cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=6cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=8cm_16p8} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=0cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=2cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=4cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=6cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=8cm_16p8} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=0cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=2cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=4cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=6cm_16p8} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=8cm_16p8} \\
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Burner experiments, soot volume fraction PDFs, 16.8~\% O$_2$]
{FM Burner experiments, soot volume fraction PDFs, 16.8~\% O$_2$.}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot_PDF_16p8}
\end{sidewaysfigure}

\begin{sidewaysfigure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{ccccc}
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=0cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=2cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=4cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=6cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_0p5D_r=8cm_15p2} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=0cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=2cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=4cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=6cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p0D_r=8cm_15p2} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=0cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=2cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=4cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=6cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=8cm_15p2} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=0cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=2cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=4cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_2p5D_r=6cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_1p5D_r=8cm_15p2} \\
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=0cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=2cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=4cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=6cm_15p2} &
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/LII_Soot_PDF_3p5D_r=8cm_15p2} \\
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM Burner experiments, soot volume fraction PDFs, 15.2~\% O$_2$]
{FM Burner experiments, soot volume fraction PDFs, 15.2~\% O$_2$.}
\label{FM_Burner_Soot_PDF_15p2}
\end{sidewaysfigure}



\clearpage


\subsection{FM/FPRF Data Center Experiments}
\label{FM Smoke Concentration}

Results of the low exhaust rate (78 ACH) and high exhaust rate (265 ACH) tests for propylene and cables is shown in the figure below. Each test had three measurement locations (subfloor, ceiling, and ceiling plenum); however, not all locations for all tests had a measurement above background noise in the laser signal.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_Low_C3H6_SF} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_High_C3H6_SF} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_Low_C3H6_HA} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_High_C3H6_HA} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_Low_Cable_SF} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_FPRF_Datacenter/FM_Datacenter_High_Cable_SF}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FM/FPRF Data Center, smoke concentration, propylene and cable sources]{FM/FPRF Data Center, smoke concentration, low and high exhaust rate, propylene and cable sources.}
\label{FM_FPRF_Datacenter_Smoke}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{NIST/NRC Experiments}
\label{Smoke Concentration}

The figures on the following pages contain comparisons of measured and predicted smoke concentration at one measuring station in the upper layer. The experiments are divided into two. Figure~\ref{smoke_closed} displays the results of the experiments in which the compartment door was closed. Figure~\ref{smoke_open} displays the results of the experiments in which the compartment door was open. The results are significantly different---the simulations of the closed door experiments predict smoke concentrations that are more than twice that of the experiments. The reason for this is that FDS has not accounted for the agglomeration and deposition of the smoke on the walls, something that is far more important when the compartment is not well-ventilated.

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_01_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_07_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_02_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_08_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_04_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_10_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_13_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_16_Smoke}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST/NRC experiments, smoke concentration, closed door experiments]{NIST/NRC experiments, smoke concentration, closed door experiments.}
\label{smoke_closed}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_03_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_09_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_05_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_14_Smoke} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_15_Smoke} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_NRC/NIST_NRC_18_Smoke}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST/NRC experiments, smoke concentration, open door experiments]{NIST/NRC experiments, smoke concentration, open door experiments.}
\label{smoke_open}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Smoke_Concentration}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of smoke concentration predictions]{Summary of smoke concentration predictions.}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{FAA Cargo Compartments}
\label{Smoke Obscuration}

Beam obscuration measurements were made at different locations within the compartment (see Fig.~\ref{FAA_Cargo_probe_locations}). The data is presented below in terms of percent transmission per meter, $100(I/I_0)^{1/L}$, where $I$ is the light intensity and $L$ is the beam pathlength in units of meters.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_1_Ceiling_Transmission} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_1_Cargo_Transmission} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_2_Ceiling_Transmission} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_2_Cargo_Transmission} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_3_Ceiling_Transmission} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FAA_Cargo_Compartments/FAA_Cargo_Compartments_Test_3_Cargo_Transmission}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[FAA Cargo Compartments experiments, smoke obscuration]{FAA Cargo Compartments experiments, smoke obscuration.}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Smoke_Obscuration}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of smoke obscuration predictions]{Summary of smoke obscuration predictions.}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\section{Aerosols}

\subsection{Sippola Aerosol Deposition Experiments}
\label{Aerosol Deposition Velocity}

Figure~\ref{Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity} compares the measured and predicted aerosol deposition velocities in the Sippola experiments, and Figure~\ref{Summary_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity} shows a summary of the results. Details of the experiment and simulation are found in Sec.~\ref{Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition_Description}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition/Sippola_Aerosol_Ceiling_Deposition} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition/Sippola_Aerosol_Wall_Deposition} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition/Sippola_Aerosol_Floor_Deposition}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Predicted and measured aerosol deposition velocities, Sippola experiments]
{Predicted and measured aerosol deposition velocities, Sippola experiments.}
\label{Sippola_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity} \\
\vspace{0.25in} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of aerosol deposition velocity predictions]
{Summary of aerosol deposition velocity predictions.}
\label{Summary_Aerosol_Deposition_Velocity}
\end{figure}

\subsection{NIST Soot Deposition Gauge Experiments}
\label{Aerosol Deposition}

Figure~\ref{NIST Soot Deposition Gauge deposited mass} compares the measured and predicted aerosol mass deposition velocities in the NIST Soot Deposition Gauge experiments, and Figure~\ref{Summary_NIST_SDG} shows a summary of the results. Details of the experiment and simulation are found in Sec.~\ref{NIST_SDG_Description}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
   \begin{center}
      \begin{tabular}{c}
         \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Deposition_Gauge/NIST_SDG_100} \\
         \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Deposition_Gauge/NIST_SDG_200}
      \end{tabular}
   \end{center}
   \caption[Predicted and measured aerosol deposited mass, NIST Soot Deposition Gauge exp]
   {Predicted and measured aerosol deposited mass, NIST Soot Deposition Gauge experiments.}
   \label{NIST Soot Deposition Gauge deposited mass}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
   \begin{center}
      \begin{tabular}{c}
         \includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Aerosol_Deposition} \\
         \vspace{0.25in} \\
      \end{tabular}
   \end{center}
   \caption[Summary of aerosol deposited mass predictions]
   {Summary of aerosol deposited mass predictions.}
   \label{Summary_NIST_SDG}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\section{Droplet Evaporation}

This section presents the results of simulations of liquid droplet evaporation experiments. The titles of the sections below are named for the experimentalists.

\subsection{Ranz and Marshall}

A description of the experiments is included in Sec.~\ref{Ranz_Marshall_Description}. Figure~\ref{RM_Fig_8} shows the results of predicting the drop diameter of a single droplet evaporating in dry air.

\begin{figure}[!h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ranz_Marshall/Ranz_Marshall_Time_Dep}
    \caption[Droplet diameter for the Ranz and Marshall experiment]
    {Measured and predicted droplet diameter for the Ranz and Marshall experiment shown in Fig.~8 of \cite{Ranz}.}
    \label{RM_Fig_8}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{RM_Tables} compares the measured and predicted evaporation rates for Table 1 through Table 4 in \cite{Ranz}. The Table 1 experiments were water droplets in ambient air, the Table 2 experiments were water droplets at in warm air (less than boiling), the Table 3 experiments were water droplets in hot air (greater than boiling), and the Table 4 experiments were benzene droplets in ambient air.  A summary of the results is shown in Fig.~\ref{RM_Summary}.

\begin{figure}[!h]
   \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ranz_Marshall/Ranz_Marshall_Table_1} &
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ranz_Marshall/Ranz_Marshall_Table_2} \\
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ranz_Marshall/Ranz_Marshall_Table_3} &
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Ranz_Marshall/Ranz_Marshall_Table_4}
   \end{tabular*}
   \caption[Evaporation rates for the Ranz and Marshall experiments]{Evaporation rates for the Ranz and Marshall experiments~\cite{Ranz}.}
   \label{RM_Tables}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
   \begin{center}
      \begin{tabular}{c}
         \includegraphics[height=3.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Evaporation_Rate} \\
         \vspace{0.25in} \\
      \end{tabular}
   \end{center}
   \caption[Summary of evaporation rates for the Ranz and Marshall experiments]{Summary of evaporation rates for the Ranz and Marshall experiments~\cite{Ranz}.}
   \label{RM_Summary}
\end{figure}

\FloatBarrier

\subsection{Fujita et al.}

A description of the experiments is included in Sec.~\ref{Fujita_exp}. Figure~\ref{Fujita_drop_area} shows the droplet area normalized by its initial area, and Fig.~\ref{Fujita_drop_T} shows the droplet temperature change.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/fujita_up8_hp0_d} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/fujita_up8_hp3_d} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/fujita_u2p0_hp0_d} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/fujita_u2p0_hp3_d}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Normalized droplet area for the Fujita experiments]{Normalized droplet area for the Fujita experiments for varying Reynolds number (Re) and Humidity (H)}
\label{Fujita_drop_area}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/fujita_up8_hp0_T} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/fujita_up8_hp3_T} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/fujita_u2p0_hp0_T} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/fujita_u2p0_hp3_T}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Droplet temperature change, Fujita et al. experiments]{Droplet temperature change for the Fujita experiments for varying Reynolds number (Re) and Humidity (H).}
\label{Fujita_drop_T}
\end{figure}

\FloatBarrier

\subsection{Gavin}

A description of the experiments is included in Sec.~\ref{Gavin_exp}. Figure~\ref{Gavin_plots} shows the simulation results for the droplet terminal velocity.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/gavin_557} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/gavin_769}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Droplet terminal velocity for the Gavin experiments]{Droplet terminal velocity for the Gavin experiments.}
\label{Gavin_plots}
\end{figure}

\FloatBarrier

\subsection{Kolaitis and Founti}

A description of the experiments is included in Sec.~\ref{Kolaitis_exp}. Figure~\ref{Kolaitis_d2} shows the simulation results for the squared droplet diameter. Figure~\ref{Kolaitis_T} shows the simulation results for the droplet surface temperature.

\begin{figure}[!h]
   \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/kolaitis_decane_d2} &
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/kolaitis_ethanol_d2} \\
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/kolaitis_heptane_1_d2} &
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/kolaitis_heptane_2_d2}
   \end{tabular*}
   \caption[Square of the droplet diameter, Kolaitis and Founti]{Square of the droplet diameter, Kolaitis and Founti.}
   \label{Kolaitis_d2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
   \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/kolaitis_decane_T} & \\
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/kolaitis_heptane_1_T} &
      \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/kolaitis_heptane_2_T}
   \end{tabular*}
   \caption[Droplet surface temperature, Kolaitis and Founti]{Droplet surface temperature, Kolaitis and Founti.}
   \label{Kolaitis_T}
\end{figure}

\FloatBarrier

\subsection{Maqua et al.}

A description of the experiments is included in Sec.~\ref{Maqua_exp}. Figure~\ref{Maqua_plots} shows the droplet surface temperature for the two experiments.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/maqua_acetone} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/maqua_ethanol}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Droplet surface temperature for the Maqua et al. experiments]{Droplet surface temperature for the Maqua et al. experiments.}
\label{Maqua_plots}
\end{figure}

\FloatBarrier

\subsection{Taflin Experiments}

A description of the experiments is included in Sec.~\ref{Taflin_exp}. Figure~\ref{Taflin_plots} shows the droplet diameter for the two Taflin experiments.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/taflin_43p9} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Droplet_Evaporation/taflin_56p6}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Droplet diameter for the Taflin experiments]{Droplet diameter for the Taflin experiments.}
\label{Taflin_plots}
\end{figure}



\clearpage

\section{Products of Incomplete Combustion}

Predicting the concentration of products of incomplete combustion is challenging because it requires information about the chemical composition of the fuel and the multiple reactions that convert fuel to products. FDS contains a fairly general framework by which users can specify the reaction mechanism, and the examples in the following subsections highlight some of the more commonly used schemes.


\subsection{Smyth Slot Burner Experiment}
\label{Smyth_Reactions}

Figure~\ref{Smyth_Slot_Burner_temp} shows predicted and measured temperatures at three elevations above the Smyth slot burner (see Sec.~\ref{Smyth_Slot_Burner_Description} for details). Figures~\ref{Smyth_Slot_Burner_fuel_ox} through \ref{Smyth_Slot_Burner_h2o_h2} show predicted and measured concentrations of CH$_4$, O$_2$, CO, CO$_2$, H$_2$O and H$_2$ at the same three elevations. The reported uncertainty in the species concentration measurements ranges from 10~\% to 20~\%. The abbreviation ``FR'' in the labels means that the conversion of CO to CO$_2$ is modeled using a finite-rate, reversible reaction. The word ``Fast'' implies that this reaction is infinitely fast, but occurs following the first reaction, also infinitely fast.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Temperature} \\
\multicolumn{2}{c}{\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Temperature}}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Temperature predictions at 7~mm, 9~mm, and 11~mm above burner, Smyth experiment]
{Predicted and measured temperature at 7~mm, 9~mm, and 11~mm above a methane-air slot burner.}
\label{Smyth_Slot_Burner_temp}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Fuel} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Oxygen} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Fuel} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Oxygen} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Fuel} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Oxygen}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[CH$_4$ and O$_2$ volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above burner, Smyth burner]
{Predicted and measured CH$_4$ and O$_2$ volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above a methane-air slot burner.}
\label{Smyth_Slot_Burner_fuel_ox}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Carbon_Monoxide}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[CO$_2$ and CO volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above burner, Smyth burner]
{Predicted and measured CO$_2$ and CO volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above a methane-air slot burner.}
\label{Smyth_Slot_Burner_co_co2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Water} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_11mm_Hydrogen} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Water} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_9mm_Hydrogen} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Water} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Smyth_Slot_Burner/Smyth_Slot_Burner_7mm_Hydrogen}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[H$_2$O and H$_2$ volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above burner, Smyth burner]
{Predicted and measured H$_2$O and H$_2$ volume fractions at 11~mm, 9~mm, and 7~mm above a methane-air slot burner.}
\label{Smyth_Slot_Burner_h2o_h2}
\end{figure}



\clearpage

\subsection{Beyler Hood Experiments}

Fig.~\ref{Beyler_Species} compares measured and predicted species mass fractions in the Beyler Hood experiments. Both measured and predicted values are time-averaged. The FDS results are taken at the extraction vent, whereas the measurements were made downstream of the vent. Details of the experiments can be found in Sec.~\ref{Beyler_Hood_Description}.



\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{c@{\extracolsep{\fill}}c}
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_CO2} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_H2O} &
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_Soot} &
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Beyler_Hood/Beyler_Hood_UHC}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of gas species predictions, Beyler hood experiments]
{Comparison of measured and predicted species concentrations in the Beyler hood experiments}
\label{Beyler_Species}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\subsection{NIST Reduced Scale Enclosure (RSE) Experiments, 1994}
\label{sec:NIST_RSE_1994}

Figures~\ref{NIST_RSE_1994_CO} through \ref{NIST_RSE_1994_H2O} show the measured and predicted CO, CO$_2$ and O$_2$, and H$_2$O concentrations. Figure~\ref{NIST_RSE_1994_temp} shows the measured and predicted thermocouple temperatures in the front and rear of the compartment. The measurements were made 10~cm below the ceiling and 30~cm from the left side wall. The front position was 10~cm from the wall with the door; the back position was 30~cm from the rear wall. Details of the experiments are found in Sec.~\ref{NIST_RSE_1994_Description}.

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_CO_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_CO_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted CO concentration, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted CO concentration, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_CO}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_CO2_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_CO2_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted CO$_2$ concentration, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted CO$_2$ concentration, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_CO2}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_O2_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_O2_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted O$_2$ concentration, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted O$_2$ concentration, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_O2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_H2O_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_H2O_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted H$_2$O concentration, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted H$_2$O concentration, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_H2O}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_TC_Front} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_1994/NIST_RSE_1994_TC_Rear}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Comparison of measured and predicted temperature, NIST RSE experiments]{Comparison of measured and predicted temperature, NIST RSE experiments.}
\label{NIST_RSE_1994_temp}
\end{figure}

\clearpage



\subsection{NIST Reduced-Scale Enclosure (RSE) Experiments, 2007}
\label{sec:NIST_RSE_2007}

Species and temperature measurements were made in the front and rear of the compartment, 10~cm below the ceiling, 29~cm from the right wall (looking into the compartment), and 10~cm from the front wall or 29~cm from the rear wall. The compartment was 0.95~m wide by 1.42~m deep by 0.98~m tall with a door 0.48~m wide by 0.81~m tall centered on one of the short walls.  Measurements of temperature, O$_2$, CO$_2$, CO, and unburned hydrocarbon concentration were made near the ceiling in the front and back of the compartment. Details of the experiments are found in Sec.~\ref{NIST_RSE_2007_Description}.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_01_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 1, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 1, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_1}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_02_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 2, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 2, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_03_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 3, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 3, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_04_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 4, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 4, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_05_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 5, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 5, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_06_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 6, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 6, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_6}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_07_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 7, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 7, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_7}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_10_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 10, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 10, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_10}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_11_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 11, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 11, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_11}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_12_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 12, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 12, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_12}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_15_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 15, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 15, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_15}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_CO2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_CO} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_O2} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_THC} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_temp} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_RSE_2007/RSE_16_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of Test 16, NIST RSE 2007]{Summary of Test 16, NIST RSE 2007.}
\label{NIST_RSE_2007_16}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{NIST Full-Scale Enclosure (FSE) Experiments, 2008}
\label{sec:NIST_FSE_2008}

Species concentrations and temperature measurements were made at the front and rear of the compartment. Details of the experiments are found in Sec.~\ref{NIST_FSE_2008_Description}.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG3_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISONG3, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISONG3, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISONG3}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept4_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept4, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept4, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept4}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept5_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept5, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept5, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept5}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept8_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept8, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept8, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept8}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept9_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept9, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept9, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept9}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONylon10_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISONylon10, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISONylon10, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISONylon10}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP11_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOPP11, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOPP11, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOPropylene11}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD12_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHeptD12, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHeptD12, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHeptD12}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHeptD13_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHeptD13, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHeptD13, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHeptD13}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropD14_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOPropD14, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOPropD14, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOPropD14}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOProp15_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOProp15, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOProp15, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOProp15}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene16_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOStyrene16, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOStyrene16, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOStyrene16}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene17_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOStyrene17, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOStyrene17, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOStyrene17}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPP18_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOPP18, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOPP18, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOPP18}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept19_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept19, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept19, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept19}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene20_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOToluene20, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOToluene20, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOToluene20}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOStyrene21_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOStyrene21, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOStyrene21, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOStyrene21}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept22_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept22, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept22, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept22}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept23_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept23, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept23, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept23}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept24_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept24, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept24, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept24}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept25_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept25, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept25, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept25}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept26_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept26, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept26, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept26}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept27_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept27, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept27, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept27}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOHept28_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOHept28, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOHept28, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOHept28}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOToluene29_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOToluene29, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOToluene29, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOToluene29}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISOPropanol30_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISOPropanol30, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISOPropanol30, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISOPropanol30}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Carbon_Dioxide} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Carbon_Monoxide} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Oxygen} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Unburned_Hydrocarbons} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_Temperature} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_FSE_2008/ISONG32_HRR}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Summary of ISONG32, NIST FSE 2008]{Summary of ISONG32, NIST FSE 2008.}
\label{NIST_FSE_1994_ISONG32}
\end{figure}


\clearpage

\subsection{NIST Pool Fires}
\label{sec:NIST_Pool_Fires}

Falkenstein-Smith et al.~\cite{Falkenstein-Smith:2019} made mean temperature and product species concentration measurements along the centerline above 30.5~cm diameter liquid pool fires of acetone, ethanol, and methanol; and a 37.0~cm diameter burner of methane and propane. The measurements were made using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer system (GC/MSD). The volume fraction of each species was calculated via the number of moles identified by the GC/MSD at each centerline point. Soot mass fractions were measured during the gas sampling process. Note that the species measurements include the vapor form of the primary fuel molecule, in addition to intermediate fuel species. FDS does not model the decomposition of the fuel molecule into intermediate hydrocarbon species except for CO and H$_2$.

The mean centerline temperature profiles are found in Sec.~\ref{NIST_Pool_Fires_Plume_Temps}. The species concentrations are found in Figs.~\ref{NIST_Pool_Fires_Acetone} through~\ref{NIST_Pool_Fires_Propane_34kW} on the following pages.

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Acetone_O2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Acetone_Fuel_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Acetone_CO2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Acetone_CO_CL}    \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Acetone_H2O_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Acetone_H2_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Acetone_N2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Acetone_Soot_CL}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, acetone]{NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, acetone.}
\label{NIST_Pool_Fires_Acetone}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Ethanol_O2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Ethanol_Fuel_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Ethanol_CO2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Ethanol_CO_CL}    \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Ethanol_H2O_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Ethanol_H2_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Ethanol_N2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Ethanol_Soot_CL}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, ethanol]{NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, ethanol.}
\label{NIST_Pool_Fires_Ethanol}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methanol_O2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methanol_Fuel_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methanol_CO2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methanol_CO_CL}    \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methanol_H2O_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methanol_H2_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methanol_N2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methanol_Soot_CL}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, methanol]{NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, methanol.}
\label{NIST_Pool_Fires_Methanol}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methane_O2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methane_Fuel_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methane_CO2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methane_CO_CL}    \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methane_H2O_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methane_H2_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methane_N2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Methane_Soot_CL}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, methane]{NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, methane.}
\label{NIST_Pool_Fires_Methane}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_20kW_O2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_20kW_Fuel_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_20kW_CO2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_20kW_CO_CL}    \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_20kW_H2O_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_20kW_H2_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_20kW_N2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_20kW_Soot_CL}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, propane, 20 kW]{NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, propane, 20 kW.}
\label{NIST_Pool_Fires_Propane_20kW}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_34kW_O2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_34kW_Fuel_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_34kW_CO2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_34kW_CO_CL}    \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_34kW_H2O_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_34kW_H2_CL} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_34kW_N2_CL} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_Pool_Fires/NIST_Propane_34kW_Soot_CL}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, propane, 34 kW]{NIST Pool Fires, centerline product species, propane, 34 kW.}
\label{NIST_Pool_Fires_Propane_34kW}
\end{figure}
\clearpage

%\subsection{PRISME DOOR Experiments}
%
%Each compartment in the PRISME DOOR experiments contained carbon monoxide measurements in the upper (haut) and lower (bas) layers.
%
%\begin{figure}[!ht]
%\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_1_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_1_CO} \\
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_1_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_1_CO} \\
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_1_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_1_CO}
%\end{tabular*}
%\label{PRISME_CO_1}
%\end{figure}
%
%\begin{figure}[p]
%\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D1_Room_2_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D2_Room_2_CO} \\
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D3_Room_2_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D4_Room_2_CO} \\
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D5_Room_2_CO} &
%\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/PRISME/PRS_D6_Room_2_CO}
%\end{tabular*}
%\label{PRISME_CO_2}
%\end{figure}
%
%\clearpage

\subsection{Summary, Products of Incomplete Combustion}
\label{Carbon Monoxide Concentration}

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Carbon_Monoxide_Concentration}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of carbon monoxide predictions]{Summary of carbon monoxide predictions.}
\label{Summary_CO_Concentration}
\end{figure}

\clearpage

\section{Helium Release in a Reduced Scale Garage Geometry}
\label{Species Concentration}

FDS simulations were performed to predict the helium release and dispersion in a reduced scale garage geometry. The figures on the following pages show the comparison between the FDS predictions and the measured values for the eighteen experiments. Table~\ref{NIST_He_2009_Parameters} lists the experimental parameters, including the release duration, release location (21~cm off the floor at the center of the compartment, 21~cm off the floor and 5~cm from the center of the rear wall, and 2.5~cm below the ceiling at the center of the compartment), and the leak area (single small vent, 2.4~cm by 2.4~cm, at the center of the front wall, single large vent, 3.05~cm by 3.05~cm, at the center of the front wall, and a pair of vents, 2.15~cm by 2.15~cm, centered on the front wall, 2.5~cm from the floor and ceiling, respectively). The seven sensors were located 37.5~cm from the front and side walls, at heights of 9~cm, 19~cm, 28~cm, 37~cm, 47~cm, 56~cm, and 65~cm off the floor. In the figures on the following pages, the highest concentrations correspond to the highest measurement locations.

\begin{table}[h]
\centering
\caption[Test parameters of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments]{Test parameters of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments.}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Test         &  Release          &  Release          &  Leak                         \\
Label        &  Duration (h)     &  Location         &  Configuration                \\ \hline \hline
3600-LC-SSV  &  1                &  Lower Center     &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
3600-LC-SLV  &  1                &  Lower Center     &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
3600-LC-ULV  &  1                &  Lower Center     &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
3600-LR-SSV  &  1                &  Lower Rear       &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
3600-LR-SLV  &  1                &  Lower Rear       &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
3600-LR-ULV  &  1                &  Lower Rear       &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
3600-UC-SSV  &  1                &  Upper Center     &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
3600-UC-SLV  &  1                &  Upper Center     &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
3600-UC-ULV  &  1                &  Upper Center     &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
14400-LC-SSV &  4                &  Lower Center     &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
14400-LC-SLV &  4                &  Lower Center     &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
14400-LC-ULV &  4                &  Lower Center     &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
14400-LR-SSV &  4                &  Lower Rear       &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
14400-LR-SLV &  4                &  Lower Rear       &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
14400-LR-ULV &  4                &  Lower Rear       &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
14400-UC-SSV &  4                &  Upper Center     &  Single Small Vent            \\ \hline
14400-UC-SLV &  4                &  Upper Center     &  Single Large Vent            \\ \hline
14400-UC-ULV &  4                &  Upper Center     &  Dual Vents                   \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{NIST_He_2009_Parameters}
\end{table}

\newpage

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LC_SSV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LC_SLV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LC_ULV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LR_SSV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LR_SLV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_LR_ULV}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Results of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments]{Comparison of measured (solid lines) and predicted (dashed lines) helium concentrations in the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments.}
\label{NIST_Hydrogen_Species_1}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_UC_SSV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_UC_SLV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_3600_UC_ULV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LC_SSV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LC_SLV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LC_ULV}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Results of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments]{Comparison of measured (solid lines) and predicted (dashed lines) helium concentrations in the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments.}
\label{NIST_Hydrogen_Species_2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LR_SSV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LR_SLV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_LR_ULV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_UC_SSV} \\
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_UC_SLV} &
\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/NIST_He_2009/NIST_He_14400_UC_ULV}
\end{tabular*}
\caption[Results of the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments]{Comparison of measured (solid lines) and predicted (dashed lines) helium concentrations in the NIST\_He\_2009 experiments.}
\label{NIST_Hydrogen_Species_3}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[p]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=4.0in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/ScatterPlots/FDS_Species_Concentration}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption[Summary of species concentration predictions]{Summary of species concentration predictions.}
\label{Summary_Species_Concentration}
\end{figure}


